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  • Alley, Ronald. "Lam, Wifredo." In Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2003. Accessed October 12, 2018. 

  • Beezley, William H. Cultural Nationalism and Ethnic Music in Latin America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008.  

  • Brennan, Timothy. Secular Devotion: Afro- Latin Music and Imperial Jazz. NY: Verso, 2008.

  • Chomsky, Aviva, Barry Carr, and Pamela Smorkaloff. The Cuba reader :History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press, 2003.

  • Chambers, Glenn A. “The Rise of Son and the Legitimization of African-Derived Culture in Cuba, 1908-1940.” Callaloo and the Cultures and Letters of the Black 30, no.2 (2007): 497-507.

  • Cushman, Gregory T. “¿De que color es el oro? Race, Environment, and the History of Cuban National Music, 1898-1958” in Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana 26, no.2 (2005): 164-194.

  • Moore, Robin. Music in the Hispanic Caribbean: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010.

  • Moore, Robin. Nationalizing Blackness: afrocubanismo and artistic revolution in Havana,1920-1940. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997.

  • ​Pérez Firmat, Gustavo. The Cuban Condition: Translation and Identity in Modern Cuban Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

  • Sheldon, Harvey. The History of Afro Cuban Latin American music :singers, musicians, composers. Harvey Sheldon ,2010.

  • Sublette, Ned. Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo. Chicago: A Cappella, 2004.  

  • Ulhôa, Martha Tupinambá de. “Southern Streams: Some Thoughts about Musicology and Popular Music Studies in Latin America.” Latin American Music Review/Revista de Música Latinoamericana 38, no.1(2017): 83-105.

Po Sim Head @2018

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